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Compaq TCP/IP Services for OpenVMS

Concepts and Planning
AA-Q06TF-TE
This manual supersedes DIGITAL TCP/IP Services for OpenVMS Concepts and Planning, Version 5.0.
Compaq TCP/IP Services for Ope nVMS Version 5.3
OpenVMS Alpha Version 7.2–2, 7.3;
OpenVMS VAX Version 7.2, 7.3
April 2002
Compaq Computer Corporation
Houston Texas 
© 2002 Compaq Information Technologies Group, L.P.
This manual describes concepts and planning tasks to prepare you to use the Compaq TCP/IP Services for OpenVMS product.
Compaq, the Compaq logo, Alpha, OpenVMS, Tru64, VAX, VMS, and the DIGITAL logo are trademarks of Compaq Information Technologies Group, L.P. in the U.S. and/or other countries.
Microsoft, MS-DOS, Visual C++, Windows, and Windows NT are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the U.S. and/or other countries.
Intel, Intel Inside, and Pentium are trademarks of Intel Corporation in the U.S. and/or other countries.
Motif, OSF/1, and UNIX are trademarks of The Open Group in the U.S. and/or other countries.
Java and all Java-bas ed marks are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc., in the U.S. and other countries.
All other product names mentioned herein may be trademarks of their respective companies.
Confidential computer software. Valid license from Compaq required for possession, use, or copying. Consistent wit h FAR 12.211 and 12.212, Commercial Computer Software, Computer Software Docum entation, and Technical Data for Commercial Items are licensed to the U.S. Government under vendor’s standard commercial license.
Compaq shall not be liable for technical or editorial errors or omissions contained herein. The information in this document is provided "as is" without warranty of any kind and is sub ject to change without notice. The warranties for Compaq products are set forth in the express limited warranty statements accompanying such products. Nothing herein should be construed as constituting an additional warranty.
ZK6523
The Compaq OpenVMS documentation set is available on CD-ROM.
Contents
Compaq TCP/IP Services for OpenVMS
 
1.1.1 Data Link Layer

 
1.1.2 Internet Layer

 
1.1.3 Transport Layer

 
1.1.4 Application Layer

 
1.2.1 PATHWORKS and DECnet-over-TCP/IP Support

 
1.3.1 Berkeley Sockets Interface

 
1.3.2 OpenVMS QIO System Service Interface

 
1.3.3 ONC RPC Programming Interface

 
1.3.4 SNMP Programming Interface

 
2.1.1 Understanding the Open Systems Concept

 
2.1.2 Understanding the Middleware Concept

 
2.2.1 Directory Hierarchies

 
2.2.2 File Specifications

 
2.2.3 Absolute and Relative File Specifications

 
2.2.4 File Specifications

 
2.2.5 Case Sensitivity

 
2.2.6 File Types

 
2.2.7 Version Numbers

 
2.2.8 Linking Files

 
2.2.9 File Structures

 
2.2.10 File Ownership

 
2.2.11 File Protections

 
3.1.1 User Environment

 
3.1.2 System Management Environment

 
3.1.3 Programming Environment

 
3.2.1 Failover Capability

 
3.2.2 Connection Load Balancing

 
3.3.1 Multihomed Computers

 
3.3.2 Primary Interface

 
3.3.3 Pseudointerfaces

 
4.4.1 OPCOM

 
4.4.2 Log Files

 
4.5.1 Considerations for System Management

 
4.5.2 Considerations for Users

 
4.5.3 Considerations for Applications

 
4.6.1 Line Printer Daemon (LPD) Service

 
4.6.2 TELNET Print Symbiont

 
4.6.3 Serial Line Printer Connections

 
4.6.4 Sharing Network Printers Using PATHWORKS (Advanced Server)

 
4.6.5 PC-NFS

 
5.1.1 Time Distributed Through a Hierarchy of Servers

 
5.1.2 How the OpenVMS System Maintains the System Clock

 
5.1.3 How NTP Adjusts System Time

 
5.1.4 Configuring the Local Host

 
5.1.5 Using the Distributed Time Synchronization Service (DTSS)

 
5.2.1 Static Routing

 
5.2.2 Dynamic Routing

 
5.3.1 How DHCP Operates

 
5.3.2 How DHCP Allocates IP Addresses

 
5.3.3 Relationship Between DHCP and BOOTP

 
5.3.4 Client ID

 
5.4.1 FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

 
5.4.2 Trivial FTP (TFTP)

 
5.4.3 R Commands

 
5.4.4 Differences Between FTP and RCP

 
5.5.1 Configuring SNMP

 
5.5.2 Ensuring Access to Mounted Data

 
6.1.1 POP Server Process

 
6.1.2 How to Access Mail Messages from the POP Server

 
6.1.3 How the POP Server Handles Foreign Message Formats

 
6.1.4 How the POP Server Authorizes Users

 
6.1.5 Understanding POP Message Headers

 
6.2.1 How SMTP Clients and Servers Communicate

 
6.2.2 Understanding How SMTP Translates OpenVMS Mail Headers

 
6.2.3 Understanding SMTP Addresses

 
6.3.1 IMAP Server Process

 
6.3.2 How OpenVMS Mail Folder Names Map to IMAP Mailbox Names

 
6.3.3 How the IMAP Server Handles Foreign Message Formats

 
6.3.4 Understanding IMAP Message Headers

 
6.3.5 How IMAP Rebuilds OpenVMS Mail Address Fields

 
7.2.1 Assigning an IP Address to Your PPP or SLIP Interface

 
7.2.2 Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP)

 
7.2.3 Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)

 
7.3.1 Clients and Servers

 
7.3.2 NFS File Systems on OpenVMS

 
7.3.3 How the Server Grants Access to Users and Hosts

 
7.3.4 How the Server Maps User Identities

 
7.3.5 Granting Access to PC-NFS Clients

 
8.4.1 Types of Domain Names

 
8.4.2 Domain Name Format

 
8.5.1 Delegation

 
8.7.1 Root Name Servers

 
8.7.2 Master Name Server

 
8.7.3 Slave Name Server

 
8.7.4 Forwarder Servers

 
8.7.5 Caching-Only Servers

 
8.7.6 Configurations Without Internet Access

 
8.7.7 Zone Transfers

 
8.9.1 Master Zone File

 
8.9.2 Reverse Zone File

 
8.9.3 Loopback Interface Files

 
8.9.4 Hints File

 
8.10.1 Default Domain

 
8.10.2 Search List

 
8.10.3 Name Servers

 
9.1.1 Mobile IPv6

 
9.3.1 Intranet Scenario

 
9.3.2 Intranet-to-Internet Scenario

 
9.3.3 Intranet-to-Internet-to-Intranet Scenario

Figure 1–1  The TCP/IP Model

Figure 2–1 Comparison of OpenVMS and UNIX

Figure 2–2 Comparison of UNIX Directory and OpenVMS Directory Hierarchies

Figure 9–1 Routing IPv6 Traffic from Host A to Host F

Figure 9–2 Routing IPv6 Traffic from Host A to Host I

Figure 9–3 Routing IPv6 Traffic from Host I to Host A

Figure 9–4 Routing IPv6 Traffic from Host A to Host J

Figure 9–5 Routing IPv6 Traffic from Host A to Host K

Table 2–1 Directory Hierarchy Differences

Table 2–2 File Specification Differences

Table 2–3 Absolute and Relative File Specification Differences

Table 2–4 File Specification Differences

Table 2–5 Case-Sensitivity Differences

Table 2–6 File Type Differences

Table 2–7 Version Number Differences

Table 2–8 Link Files Differences

Table 2–9 File Structure Differences

Table 2–10 File Ownership Differences

Table 2–11  Comparison of File Protection

Table 2–12 NFS Server Features Available to Non-OpenVMS Clients

Table 3–1 OpenVMS VAX and OpenVMS Alpha Similarities and Differences

Table 5–1  GATED Protocols and RFCs

Table 5–2 DHCP IP Address Allocation Methods

Table 5–3  SNMP Components

Table 6–1 POP User Authorization Methods

Table 6–2 Forwarded POP Mail Messages Header

Table 6–3 OpenVMS Address Types

Table 6–4 SMTP Client Commands

Table 6–5 OpenVMS Mail Folder-Name Mapping

Table 6–6 IMAP Server Forwarded Message Headers

Table 6–7 Various Address Types

Table 7–1 SLIP Characters

Table 9–1 Tunnel Configurations

Preface

An open communications standard defined by the worldwide networking community, TCP/IP consists of numerous application, routing, transport, and network management protocols. These protocols enable any connected host to communicate with any other connected host, without needing to know details about the other host or the intervening network topology. Computers and networks from different manufacturers running different operating systems can interoperate seamlessly.
The Compaq TCP/IP Services for OpenVMS product is Compaq’s implementation of the TCP/IP networking protocol suite and internet services for OpenVMS Alpha and OpenVMS VAX systems.
This manual introduces the TCP/IP Services product and provides conceptual and planning information to help you configure and manage the product.

Intended Audience

This manual is for anyone who needs an overview of the TCP/IP Services product.
See the Compaq TCP/IP Services for OpenVMS User’s Guide for information on using TCP/IP Services applications and the Compaq TCP/IP Services for OpenVMS Management guide for details on configuring and managing the TCP/IP Services product.

Document Structure

This manual contains the following chapters:
Chapter 1 provides an overview of the TCP/IP Services product.
Chapter 2 describes the network implementation differences between UNIX and OpenVMS.
Chapter 3 describes the many decisions you need to make about OpenVMS configuration options before configuring TCP/IP Services.
Chapter 4 describes OpenVMS operating system features that support the TCP/IP environment.
Chapter 5 describes key concepts of network server features: NTP, routing, BOOTP and DHCP, FTP, and SNMP.
Chapter 6 describes mail services: Post Office Protocol (POP), SMTP, and IMAP.
Chapter 7 discusses ways to connect to the network, such as TELNET, PPP and SLIP, DECnet-over-TCP/IP, NFS, and XDM.
Chapter 8 describes the TCP/IP Services implementation of the Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND) service.
Chapter 9 provides guidelines, scenarios, and checklists for deploying IPv6 on a single system in a network.
The Glossary defines terms and acronyms related to TCP/IP Services.

Related Documentation

The following table lists the documents available with this version of Compaq TCP/IP Services for OpenVMS:
Manual
Contents
Compaq TCP/IP Services for OpenVMS Concepts and Planning
This manual introduces TCP/IP Services and provides conceptual and planning information to help you configure and manage the product.
This manual also provides a glossary of terms and acronyms, lists the RFCs associated with this product, and documents how to register your network and domain and name servers.
Compaq TCP/IP Services for OpenVMS Release Notes
This text file describes new features and changes to the software, including installation, upgrade, configuration, and compatibility information. These notes also describe new and existing software problems and restrictions, and software and documentation corrections.
Print this text file at the beginning of the installation procedure and read it before you install Compaq TCP/IP Services for OpenVMS.
Compaq TCP/IP Services for OpenVMS Installation and Configuration
This manual explains how to install and configure the Compaq TCP/IP Services for OpenVMS product.
Compaq TCP/IP Services for OpenVMS User’s Guide
This manual describes how to use the applications available with Compaq TCP/IP Services for OpenVMS, such as remote file operations, e-mail, TELNET, TN3270, and network printing. This manual also explains how to use these services to communicate with systems on private internets or on the worldwide Internet.
Compaq TCP/IP Services for OpenVMS Management
This manual describes how to configure and manage the Compaq TCP/IP Services for OpenVMS product.
Use this manual with the Compaq TCP/IP Services for OpenVMS Management Command Reference manual.
Compaq TCP/IP Services for OpenVMS Management Command Reference
This manual describes the Compaq TCP/IP Services for OpenVMS management commands.
Use this manual with the Compaq TCP/IP Services for OpenVMS Management manual.
Compaq TCP/IP Services for OpenVMS ONC RPC Programming
This manual presents an overview of high-level programming using open network computing remote procedure calls (ONC RPC). This manual also describes the RPC programming interface and how to use the RPCGEN protocol compiler to create applications.
Compaq TCP/IP Services for OpenVMS Sockets API and System Services Programming
This manual describes how to use the Sockets API and OpenVMS system services to develop network-based applications.
Compaq TCP/IP Services for OpenVMS SNMP Programming and Reference
This manual describes the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) and the SNMP application programming interface (eSNMP). It describes the subagents provided with TCP/IP Services, utilities provided for managing agents, and how to build your own subagents.
Compaq TCP/IP Services for OpenVMS Management Command Quick Reference Card
This reference card lists the TCP/IP management commands by component and describes the purpose of each command.
Compaq TCP/IP Services for OpenVMS UNIX Command Reference Card
This reference card contains information about commonly performed network management tasks and their corresponding TCP/IP management and Compaq Tru64 UNIX command formats.
Compaq TCP/IP Services for OpenVMS Tuning and Troubleshooting
This manual provides information about how to isolate the causes of network problems and how to tune the TCP/IP Services software for the best performance.
Compaq TCP/IP Services for OpenVMS Guide to IPv6
This manual describes the IPv6 environment, the roles of systems in this environment, the types and function of the different IPv6 addresses, and how to configure TCP/IP Services to access the 6bone network.
For additional information about TCP/IP Services for OpenVMS, access the Compaq OpenVMS World Wide Web site at the following URL:
http://www.openvms.compaq.com
This manual describes concepts that are specific to the Compaq TCP/IP Services for OpenVMS implementation of TCP/IP. If you are looking for a comprehensive overview of the TCP/IP protocol suite, you might find the following useful:
• Comer, Douglas E. Internetworking with TCP/IP Volume 1: Principles, Protocols, and Architecture. 4th edition. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall; ISBN: 0130183806, 2000.
• Stevens, W. Richard. UNIX Network Programming Volume 1: Networking APIs: Sockets and XTI. Second edition, Prentice Hall PTR; ISBN: 013490012X, 1997

Reader’s Comments

Compaq welcomes your comments on this manual. Please send comments to either of the following addresses:
Internet: openvmsdoc@compaq.com
Mail: Compaq Computer Corporation
OSSG Documentation Group, ZKO3-4/U08
110 Spit Brook Rd.
Nashua, NH 03062-2698

How to Order Additional Documentation

Visit the following World Wide Web address for information about how to order additional documentation:
http://www.openvms.compaq.com

Conventions

The following conventions are used in this manual:
Ctrl/ x
Indicates that you must hold down the key labeled Ctrl while you press another key or a pointing device button.
PF1x
A sequence such as PF1x indicates that you must first press and release the key labeled PF1 and then press and release another key or a pointing device button.
[Return]
In an example, a key name enclosed in a box indicates that you press that key.
…
A horizontal ellipsis in examples indicates one of the following possibilities:
• Additional optional arguments in a statement have been omitted.
• The preceding item or items can be repeated one or more times.
• Additional parameters, values, or other information can be entered.
⋮
A vertical ellipsis indicates the omission of items from a code example or command format; the items are omitted because they are not important to the topic being discussed.
( )
In command format descriptions, parentheses indicate that you must enclose choices in parentheses if you specify more than one.
[ ]
In command format descriptions, brackets indicate optional choices. You can choose one or more items or no items. Do not type the brackets on the command line. However, you must include the brackets in the syntax for OpenVMS directory specifications and for a substring specification in an assignment statement.
|
In command format descriptions, vertical bars separate choices within brackets or braces. Within brackets, the choices are optional; within braces, at least one choice is required. Do not type the vertical bars on the command line.
{ }
In command format descriptions, braces indicate required choices; you must choose at least one of the items listed. Do not type the braces on the command line.
Type
This typeface represents the introduction of a new term. It also represents the name of an argument, an attribute, or a reason.
italics
Italic text indicates important information, complete titles of manuals, or variables. Variables include information that varies in system output (Internal error number), in command lines (/PRODUCER=name), and in command parameters in text (where (dd) represents the predefined par code for the device type).
UPPERCASE TEXT
Uppercase text indicates a command, the name of a routine, the name of a file, or the abbreviation for a system privilege.
Monospace text
Monospace type indicates code examples and interactive screen displays.
In the C programming language, monospace type in text identifies the following elements: keywords, the names of independently compiled external functions and files, syntax summaries, and references to variables or identifiers introduced in an example.
–
A hyphen at the end of a command format description, command line, or code line indicates that the command or statement continues on the following line.
numbers
All numbers in text are assumed to be decimal unless otherwise noted. Nondecimal radixes—binary, octal, or hexadecimal—are explicitly indicated.

1    Introducing Compaq TCP/IP Services for OpenVMS

The Compaq TCP/IP Services for OpenVMS product is the OpenVMS implementation of the industry-standard TCP/IP suite of communications protocols. With TCP/IP Services, users, administrators, and programmers can perform tasks from anywhere in the network, such as:
• Network file access: accessing files on remote hosts
• Sending e-mail: exchanging messages between hosts
• Application development: developing TCP/IP applications for communication between local and remote hosts
• File transfer: exchanging files between hosts
• Accessing user information: accessing information about other users logged onto local or remote hosts
• Remote management: managing and monitoring the network and applications from remote hosts
• TELNET: logging on to a remote host
• Remote command execution: issuing commands to remote hosts
• Remote printing: sending print jobs to a remote printer, and receiving print jobs from a remote host
• Networking booting: providing boot service for a remote host
Users can perform internetworking tasks seamlessly without worrying about the hardware details of each individual network. The TCP/IP Services provides interoperability and resource sharing between OpenVMS systems, UNIX systems, and other systems that support the TCP/IP protocol suite and Sun Microsystems Network File System (NFS). Internet hosts share data and resources by using standard TCP/IP protocols over a number of network hardware configurations including Ethernet, Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), Token Ring, and asynchronous transfer mode (ATM).
This chapter discusses the following topics. More details about these topics are provided elsewhere in this manual and in other Compaq TCP/IP Services for OpenVMS and OpenVMS documentation set manuals.
• Overview of TCP/IP Services
• Other Compaq OpenVMS products that require TCP/IP
• Application programming interfaces (APIs)
• Requests for Comments (RFCs)

1.1  Overview of TCP/IP Services

TCP/IP Services provides support for several protocols at every level of the TCP/IP model’s protocol layers.
• Data Link layer
• Internet layer
• Transport layer
• Application layer
Figure 1–1 shows the various layers and protocols of the TCP/IP model. A description of each layer and protocol follows the figure.
Figure 1–1    The TCP/IP Model
Q:\ati-artlib\gif\vm-0402a.gif

1.1.1  Data Link Layer

At the base of the TCP/IP layers, the Data Link layer formats data and provides services that directly access the physical network.
This layer also receives data that is routed from the Internet layer and transmits the data to its destination, converting logical IP addresses to physical addresses of the network adapter or network interface cards (NICs) using t